Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2016 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 8 Articles
Background: The elderly cancers are worldwide a major public health issue. Their exact incidence\nis unknown in Togo. The purpose of this study was to describe epidemiological and histological\ndata of cancers in the elderly in Togo. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive\nstudy of cases of elderly cancers diagnosed at the laboratory of pathology of the university\nteaching hospital of Lom�© from 1995 to 2014 (20 years). Cases of examination on samples of\nthe elderly (biopsy, excision, surgical specimens) were collected from the data records of that laboratory.\nResults: Overall, 792/5200 cases of elderly cancer were collected representing 15.2% of\nall cancers diagnosed in the laboratory. The annual incidence was 39.6 cases. Patient age ranged\nfrom 65 to 103 years old, with a mean of 68.5 �± 4 years old. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.3. At pathological\nlevel, the study material included pieces (n=290 cases; 36.6%) and biopsies (n=502 cases;\n63.4%). Cancers located preferably in prostate in men (38%), and in women the most frequent\nlocations were cervix (16.2%) and breast (15.8%). We noticed four histological groups: carcinomas\n(n = 706 cases; 89.1%), sarcomas (n = 43 cases; 5.5%), lymphoma (n = 34 cases; 4.3%) and\nmelanoma (n = 9 cases; 1.1%). Carcinomas were dominated by adenocarcinomas (50.1%) and\nsquamous cell carcinomas (33.8%); Kaposiâ��s sarcoma (32.6%) was the most common histological\ntype in sarcomas. Conclusion: Our results showed that the elderly cancers were frequent in Togo,\nlocating mostly in uterus cervix and breast in female, and prostate in men. This study could help to\nadvocate the establishment of a cancer registry in Togo....
Background: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha, PIK3CA, is one of the most\nfrequently mutated genes in breast cancer, and the mutation status of PIK3CA has clinical relevance related to\nresponse to therapy.\nThe aim of our study was to investigate the mutation status of PIK3CA gene and to evaluate the concordance between\nNGS and SGS for the most important hotspot regions in exon 9 and 20, to investigate additional hotspots outside of these\nexons using NGS, and to correlate the PIK3CA mutation status with the clinicopathological characteristics of the cohort.\nMethods: In the current study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger Sequencing (SGS) was used for the\nmutational analysis of PIK3CA in 186 breast carcinomas.\nResults: Altogether, 64 tumors had PIK3CA mutations, 55 of these mutations occurred in exons 9 and 20. Out of these 55\nmutations, 52 could also be detected by Sanger sequencing resulting in a concordance of 98.4 % between the two\nsequencing methods. The three mutations missed by SGS had low variant frequencies below 10 %. Additionally,\n4.8 % of the tumors had mutations in exons 1, 4, 7, and 13 of PIK3CA that were not detected by SGS. PIK3CA\nmutation status was significantly associated with hormone receptor-positivity, HER2-negativity, tumor grade, and\nlymph node involvement. However, there was no statistically significant association between the PIK3CA mutation\nstatus and overall survival.\nConclusions: Based on our study, NGS is recommended as follows: 1) for correctly assessing the mutation status\nof PIK3CA in breast cancer, especially for cases with low tumor content, 2) for the detection of subclonal\nmutations, and 3) for simultaneous mutation detection in multiple exons....
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FNMTC) makes up to 5ââ?¬â??10% of all thyroid cancers, also including those FNMTC\noccurring as a minor component of familial cancer syndromes, such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP).We give evidence\nthat this extracolonic manifestation of FAP is determined by the same germline mutation of the APC gene responsible for colonic\npolyps and cancer but also shows some unusual features (F :Mratio = 80 : 1, absence of LOH for APC in the thyroid tumoral tissue,\nand indolent biological behaviour, despite frequent multicentricity and lymph nodal involvement), suggesting that the APC gene\nconfers only a generic susceptibility to thyroid cancer, but perhaps other factors, namely, modifier genes, sex-related factors, or\nenvironmental factors, are also required for its phenotypic expression. This great variability is against the possibility of classifying\nall FNMTC as a single entity, not only with a unique or prevalent causative genetic factor, but also with a unique or common\nbiological behavior and a commonly dismal prognosis. A new paradigm is also suggested that could be useful (1) for a proper\nclassification of FAP associated PTC within the larger group of FNMTC and (2) for making inferences to sporadic carcinogenesis,\nbased on the lesson from FAP....
Jacobsen syndrome (JS) is a rare, inherited disorder, characterized by facial and skull dysmorphism,\nmental retardation, and platelet abnormalities. Paris-Trousseau syndrome (PTS) is a\nplatelet function disorder that may be encountered in patients affected by JS. PTS is manifested by\na mild lifelong bleeding tendency. Morphologically, the presence of large fused platelet alpha granules\nis characteristic. We present a case of Jacobsen syndrome in a child and highlight the typical\nmorphologic and ultra structure findings of platelets....
Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms worldwide and has a high mortality\nrate. To enable individualized therapy regimens, a better understanding of the molecular tumor biology has still to\nbe elucidated. The expression of the cell surface protein CD24 has already been claimed to be associated with\nshorter patient survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, the prognostic value and applicability of\nCD24 immunostaining in paraffin embedded tissue specimens has been questioned due to the recent\nacknowledgement of restricted epitope specificity of the commonly used antibody SN3b.\nMethods: A cohort of 137 primary NSCLC cases was immunostained with a novel CD24 antibody (clone SWA11),\nwhich specifically recognizes the CD24 protein core and the resulting expression data were compared with\nexpression profiles based on the monoclonal antibody SN3b. Furthermore, expression data were correlated to\nclinico-pathological parameters. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were conducted with Kaplan Meier\nestimates and Cox regression, respectively.\nResults: CD24 positivity was found in 34 % resp. 21 % (SN3b) of NSCLC with a membranous and/or cytoplasmic\nstaining pattern. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that membranous, but not cytoplasmic CD24 [removed]clone\nSWA11) was associated with lympho-nodular spread and shorter overall survival times (both p < 0.05). CD24\nexpression established by SN3b antibodies did not reveal significant clinicopathological correlations with overall\nsurvival, neither for cytoplasmic nor membranous CD24 staining.\nConclusions: Membranous CD24 immunoreactivity, as detected with antibody clone SWA11 may serve as a\nprognostic factor for lymphonodular spread and poorer overall survival. Furthermore, these results corroborate the\nimportance of a careful distinction between membranous and cytoplasmic localisation, if CD24 is to be considered\nas a potential prognostic biomarker....
There is an annual increase of influenza-related SARI cases in winter months. Despite the high relevance\nof this problem, influenza pathogenesis and the role of surfactant system and its SP-A\n(surfactant protein A) enzyme in antiviral defense remain poorly understood. SP-A activates macrophage\nM1 polarization and triggers an antiviral response due to the activation of T-cells and\ndendritic cells. Therefore, surfactant system is an important element of infection protection and a\npromising therapeutic target....
Gene fusions involving two of the MiT subfamily factors, such as TFE3, TFEB, TFC and MiTF, have\nbeen identified in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Xp11.2 translocation RCC is a rare pediatric neoplasm\nthat harbors gene fusions involving TFE3, which plays an important role in cell proliferation\nand survival. We herein present a case of RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion\nin a 14-year-old Japanese boy presenting gross hematuria and body weight loss. The tumor\nwas characterized by histopathology, cytology and TFE3-immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry.\nKnowledge of distinctive morphological and immunostaining features of this tumor can\nhelp to accurately diagnose this rare subset of translocation associated RCC in routine pathological\ndiagnostic procedures....
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) is a biomarker often used in order to investigate oxidative stress in many pathological conditions.\nSaliva and urine can be collected noninvasively and represent attractive diagnostic fluids for detecting biomarkers of various\npathological conditions. The reviewed case-control and intervention studies that measured salivary or urinary TAC revealed that\ndiseases, antioxidant foods, or supplements and age, gender, and lifestyle factors influenced salivary or urinary TAC. Salivary and\nurinary TAC were particularly affected by oral or renal status, respectively, as well as by infection; therefore these factors must\nbe taken into account in both case-control and intervention studies. Furthermore, some considerations on sample collection and\nnormalization strategies could be made. In particular, unstimulated saliva could be the better approach to measure salivary TAC,\nwhereas 24 h or spontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basis of the study outcome and of the creatinine clearance.\nFinally, the uric acid-independent TAC could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox status of body, in particular after nutritional\ninterventions and in diseases associated with hyper uricaemia....
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